![]() ![]() Ordinarily, a defining declaration does not have to repeat the parameter list or return type of the routine, but if it does repeat them, they must match those in the forward declaration exactly (except that default parameters can be omitted). The forward directive replaces the block, including local variable declarations and statements, in a procedure or function declaration. They have no effect in Win32 and are maintained for backward compatibility only. The directives near, far, and export refer to calling conventions in 16-bit Windows programming. The pascal convention is maintained for backward compatibility. The safecall convention must be used for declaring dual-interface methods. (Note that stdcall is more efficient than cdecl.) Other operating systems generally use cdecl. On Win32, the operating system APIs are stdcall and safecall. (Access methods for published properties must use register.) The cdecl convention is useful when you call functions from shared libraries written in C or C++, while stdcall and safecall are recommended, in general, for calls to external code. The default register convention is the most efficient, since it usually avoids creation of a stack frame. The table below summarizes calling conventions. For example, on Win32 winapi is the same as stdcall. winapi defines using the default platform calling convention. ![]() winapi is not actually a calling convention.The safecall convention implements exception 'firewalls.' On Win32, this implements interprocess COM error notification.The register convention uses up to three CPU registers to pass parameters, while the other conventions pass all parameters on the stack.With the cdecl convention, the caller removes parameters from the stack when the call returns. For all conventions except cdecl, the procedure or function removes parameters from the stack upon returning.The cdecl, stdcall, and safecall conventions pass parameters from right to left. ![]()
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